Is Corporate Social Responsibility a Myth - 620 Words

Although Vaz’s (2014, May 14) earlier paper focuses on the modern awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), it seems to be biased, clearly avoiding the ill-effects of corporate branding of CSR, as the friendly new face of capitalism. This paper concentrates on the indirect impacts of CSR, such as increased prices on common consumer goods like organic foods, etc. In an attempt to answer a new question, â€Å"Is Corporate Social Responsibility a myth?† this paper also tries to evaluate what Poruthiyil (2013) eloquently states: Throughout their long history, business ethicists have been aware that theorizations intending to address societal goals can be rendered ineffectual when economic goals are prioritized [Arnold (2010); Marens (2010,2007); Worden (2009); Karnani (2007); Wry (2009); Hartman et al. (2003); Freeman (2000); Boatright (1998)]. Is CSR just a marketing tool? Khurana’s (2012) presentation appears to be very idealistic; he refers to Max Weber, Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Durkheim, the great social theorists, when he states that great leaders create a sense of connection and meaning to people. While idealism is always good, Lorenzo-Molo’s (2009) paper is more realistic, as she provides stark examples to submit that, CSR tends to focus on the significance of proper reporting (or communication) of a corporations do-gooder or rhetoric activities, while overlooking the back stage or hidden activities. Lorenzo-Molo’s (2009) cites Campbell to showShow MoreRelated`` Reign Of Error Is American Education For The Lives Of Our Children? Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesfor reform being promoted by the government and adopted by many states? What should we do to improve our schools and the lives of our children? According to Ravitch, the â€Å"crisis† concerning American education is actually a myth. In this book, she addresses myth after myth providing adequate clarity and information. She looks deep into the facts and brings to light what is actually happening in education in America in the following areas: test scores, achievement gaps, graduation rates, teachersRead MoreThe Myths : Learning Navigate The Rough Seas Of Ethics1039 Words   |  5 Pages‘Unmasking the Myths: Learning to Navigate the Rough Seas of Ethics, Sophia Kusyk has articulated the myths that corporations perpetuate when engaging in trade and commerce across cultures. There is a blurring of the difference between the necessity of having the correct etiquette in a foreign culture as opposed to pursuing the correct ethics. Cultural relativism and individual subjectivism give rise to the notion that cultural tolerance is of greater import than doing the right thing. The final myth enumeratedRead MoreEssay on Diversity: The Ethical Choice1410 Words   |  6 Pagesa society that is increasingly made up of minorities (Ki nicki Kreitner, 2008), it is a societal obligation, the ethical choice, and good business, to increase diversity, address equality issues in the workplace, and turn the American melting pot myth into reality. Employers are powerful institutions that are responsible for allocation of resources like salary, benefits, bonuses, and company stocks, based on employee role, span of control, and contribution to the organization. While equal rightsRead MoreOrganizational Contextual Dimension Culture773 Words   |  4 PagesArtifacts: These are visible components of culture, they are easy to formulate, have some physical shape, yet its perception varies from one individual to another. 1-Rituals and ceremonies: New hire trainings, new hire welcome lunches, annual corporate conferences, awards, offsite meetings and trainings are few examples of most common rituals and ceremonies. 2-Symbols Slogans: These are high level abstraction of the culture; they effectively summarize organization’s intrinsic behavior. 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Collectively, they combine to define how entities choose to interact with one anotherRead MoreInstitutional Shareholder Service vs. Governance Metrics International670 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction A good number of companies are going through a lot pressure to allow their corporate governance rated by corporate governance firms like Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS) or Governance Metrics International (GMI). This is to ensure that companies can be able to establish the successfulness and response of a company board is. However, instructional investors have started to use the two governance rating when they want to decide on the kind of company to bring in their stock portfolioRead MoreCadbury and the Environment1582 Words   |  7 Pagesrequiring improvement. CADBURY’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN FULFILLING NEEDS WITHIN SOCIETY The formal definition os social responsibility is managements’s obligation to make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of society as well as the organisation (Szwajkowski, 1986; David et al., 1979). As straightforward as this definition seems, social responsibility can be a difficult concept to grasp, because different people have different beliefs about which action improve

American History The Gold Rush - 978 Words

One of the most beneficial events in American history is the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush started in 1848 when it was discovered that California Rivers harbored gold inside them. This attracted many Americans across the United States, thus causing a massive migration to California. People from across the nation put their lives on hold in hopes of striking gold in California. For many, the journey took months and the risk of death was steadily present. Dangers were everywhere- from Native American attacks to getting lost on the trail. It was a risk, however, that many deemed worthy. The Gold Rush is a positive turning point in our nation’s growth for many reasons. It helped our nation achieve Manifest Destiny, it allowed the population to grow in California, and it also put California on the map. Although the California Gold Rush has many positives aspects, it holds negative traits as well. Manifest Destiny is defined as the old American belief that God’s plan is for the United States to rule and settle North America coast-to-coast. We see this throughout history as the white settlers drive out thousands of Native Americans from their land. The reasons behind this lust for land are because the land is beautiful, it offered opportunity for expansion, it offered natural resources, and it also helped accommodate America’s growing population. Americans sought out â€Å"the fulfilment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the freeShow MoreRelatedCalifornias Gold Rush819 Words   |  3 PagesGold! Gold! Gold from the American River!† shouted Samuel Brannan, a newspaper publicist from San Francisco, following the discovery of gold in California (Rhodes 168). This event sparked a new era of immigration to California in 1848. The gold rush began on January 24, 1848 when gold was found by James Marshall, a foreman for John Sutter, at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California (Bancroft 32). Initially th e news was kept a secret due to the risk of a massive wave of gold seekers interfering withRead MoreHistory And Effect Of The Gold Rush1559 Words   |  7 Pages US History Mr. Grosse Tomi Choi 09/20/17 The history and effect of The Gold Rush Gold Rush is one of the significant event in the history. In this project, I will introduce what is the major effects of the Gold Rush in the California and how it changed the people, economic, political and environmental effects. The Gold Rush was a rapid movement of people to a newly discovered Goldfield. The Gold Rush was arguably one of the most significant events toRead MoreHistory And Effect Of The Gold Rush1573 Words   |  7 Pages Research Paper: The history and effect of The Gold Rush Gold Rush is one of the significant event in the history. In this project, I will introduce what is the major effects of the Gold Rush in the California. And how did that change the people, economic, political and environmental effects. The Gold Rush is a rapid movement of people to a newly discovered Goldfield. Gold rush was arguably one of the most significant events to build American history during the first half of the 19thRead MoreThe Discovery Of The California Gold Rush993 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the California Gold Rush took place by chance. Mainly the amount of the world’s gold is deep underground and embedded in hard rock. Unlike anywhere else in the world at that time the gold in California was simple to dig up, free for the taking and required little tools to acquire any gold. Only things required: a pick or shovel and a pan to shift out the gold from the rock, sand and debris. The Gold Rush affected not only California, but the outcome of the nati on. Creating the expansionRead MoreCalfornia Gold Rush in San Francisco Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia Gold Rush The California Gold Rush one of the biggest events in the U.S History. The Gold Rush was when gold was found by James .W. Marshall in 1848 in San Francisco, California. When this happened, emotions sparked in San Francisco (main site for the Gold Rush). The word spread so quickly that people from all around the Unites States flooded into San Francisco and causing overpopulation(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). In 6 years during the Gold Rush, the population increased by almost 36Read MoreThe Gold Rush And Discrimination1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gold Rush and Discrimination California is the state that well known with the largest population in the United State, and it is the most culturally and racially diverse society.When walking in the street, it can see different kinds of races and hear many different languages. â€Å"Melting pot† is a good definition to explain this diverse phenomenon, which describes that the lost of different cultures living together harmoniously in a common society. Actually, numbers of these different culturalRead MoreEssay on California Gold Rush Of 18491656 Words   |  7 Pagestravel, live, and work under harsh conditions for months to fulfill a dream? Thousands of gold hunters from all corners of the world did so in hopes of striking rich after an abrupt discovery of gold in the American territory of California. This huge worldwide flock of people became known as The California Gold Rush of 1849. The Gold Rush granted riches to only a handful of miners, but provided Americans as well as many foreigners a new h omeland and life. At the start of the 1830 decade, aboutRead MoreThe California Gold Rush Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia Gold Rush 5/1/13 The California Gold Rush Before the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a sparsely populated, unimportant territory of the United States mostly inhabited by the people of Mexico. However, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; carpenter and small time sawmill operator James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget in the American River that would forever change the history of California and America1. 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Sutter welcomed newcomers to the area because he viewed them as subjects for his self-styled kingdom. In the late 1840s, James Marshall and about 20 men were sent to the river by Sutter to build a sawmill (The Gold Rush)

Opportunities Making Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities making Business with Mobile Computing. Answer: Introduction Today, various changes are taking place in the living standards of people and also in business operations because of emergence of new technologies and development in smart phone devices. These dynamic technologies have put down significant effects on individual, business and societies. This report focuses on emergence of mobile in computing and its implications on society in details. Report provides the deep understanding and analysis about the aspects of mobile computing that creates various business opportunities for the organizations in the operating market (Aldridge, 2011). Project objective The objective of this project is to understand various aspects of the mobile computing which provide various business opportunities to the organizations for attracting the customers. It is recently observed that people are focused towards these technologies and the technologies have made them much dependent. It is also observed that mobile computing is beneficial for the business as it provides various opportunities to the organizations to achieve the growth in the business. So, the objective of this study is to analyze the opportunities of mobile technology and involve these resources in the daily business activities to the higher level (Bryman, 2015). Project scope The presented study has significant importance in the research topic of mobile computing. This is very crucial part in the current circumstances of the technological innovation and development and its propositions. The main objective of the project is to analyze and understand the opportunities with the mobile computing and its importance in the business. The study would make possible to understand the use of mobile computing devices in the various business functions. Along with this, the study would also provide benefits to increase the knowledge and understanding about various aspects of mobile computing and would assist in providing effective findings and conclusion for the project. Literature review In present time technology has become the most vital and efficient factor which include various people both in their personal and practiced lives. In all over the world technology has put down its roots in almost all the activities and sectors. Mobile computing is one of the advancement in technologies which changes the lifestyle of people allows them to think in a diverse manner by practicing the same in their real lives. Mobile computing Since mobile computing is one of the most important technological development which affect many people in all over the world. Mobile computing is considered as the equipment which allows the transfer of data, videos and voice, by the computer and other wireless equipments without use of wire or any of fixed substantial connection. Day to day activities can be easily carried because of enhance in the use of smart phones and tablets. Mobile hardware, and mobile software, mobile communications are the basic concepts of mobile computing (Ghanchi, 2016). It has been considered as the mobile computing technology provide the facilities to its users to access, generate, accumulate, procedure and communicate the useful information without any kind of hurdles. It assists the users to interact and exchange information in wide range of areas. Mobile computing is also considered as a platform of information management which allows the flow of information through wireless channels. Impacts of mobile computing on business There have been a lot of changes taking place in mobile sectors in past few years. New and upgraded technologies had made a great impact on the various business activities of the organizations. New phases of quick communication have been developed by use of mobile computing devices such as laptops, tablets, smart phones, I-pods etc and complete restoration of traditional mode of communication has taken place due to these devices. For the individuals and society, mobile technological solutions have become very important part in their daily routines. The mobile computing helps in combining communicational sources with wide range of internet which ultimately helps in bringing improvements in daily routine of people. However use of mobile computing has lead to increase in activities related to cyber crimes. Because of flexibility of easily transformation of information, risk related to security of sources has been increasing at an alarming rate. It has been considered that it is hazardou s to get connected with other devices as it may be the cause of mistreatment of private data. When the laptops, mobiles, or other devices are associated to Wi-Fi, these can easily be hacked and controlled by anyone and can misuse the confidential data stored in it. Opportunities from mobile computing By using smart phones and ease in access to thousands of apps, people are performing a lot of intensive activities on their mobile phones from any place and at anytime like banking transactions, payment of bills etc. Now days mobile phones have become a major part of day to day lives of people. According to a current global report, almost 60% of senior corporate expect that mobile computing will help in expanding their business at large scale which ultimately helps in getting success to their businesses (Kumar Yung-Hsiang, 2010). Mobile technologies help people to use data and resources of company without been attached to a single location. Mobile devices help the employees of a company to keep them in touch everywhere whether they are attending their meetings or working for a client etc. Mobile computing helps the companies in doing their business in an effective and different manner. New technologies not only attract customers but also help in reducing cost. It will make the team more attentive, more creative and more valuable in front of clients. Businesses now days are learning the most efficient and effective way of using mobile technologies in their business to enhance their productivity to get success in long term. Following are some important areas in which mobile technology can be useful: Networking / communication Mobile technologies help companies to have unbreakable and incessant level of connectivity between employees, vendors and customers. Employees can download applications like Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter etc on their mobiles which help them to connect with other colleagues. Mobile computing also helps in enhancing business benefits like direct communication with the customers and employees in the market. By the use of real-time communication, the organization can achieve various business benefits i.e. effective use of staff time, improved customer services, and greater range of the services and products which are delivered by the company. The benefits for the customers as well as business are as follows: Making effective presentations to the customers, and they are being able to download the information regarding product during the visit, By using mobile computing, customers are able to quote and interact regarding order processing, Checking stock level by the office network, Interacting with the other employees while traveling, senior managers can send or receive emails, response to the tenders, and deliver the trip report in timely manner (Frh, Kesch Plss, 2005). Development Due to the interactive nature of mobile computing and technology, organizations are able to share the information by this medium. By the mobile technology, the companies are able to get immediate response and feedback for the products and services from the end users. The speed and accessibility of the mobile computing have led to the faster research and development for the organizations in their business which is the crucial part for them to deal with the competition in the market. Along with this, it has also led to the product upgrade based on the customers requirements with the faster rate. In this way, customers or end users feel that they are connect with the companys business operations and they have important role in the development of the business (Chen Kamara, 2011). Marketing In the time of competition, mobile technology has provided new dimensions to each and every company in terms of advertising and promotion for the business across the world. Based on the business advertisements on the mobile phones by the variety of mobile marketing technologies, customers feel attractive towards the products and services. By the marketing technologies such as mobile website, SMS messaging, banner ads, mobile applications, IVR massaging, QR codes and much more. These advertisements can be used to reach the targeted and specific audience by the company. Consumers are able to read the information available on the website but they are seeking the information on the mobile device. Mobile devices now display the advertisements that are related to the information. By this customization, marketing is getting more effective as the potential customers always have mobile devices in their hand and the exposure of advertisements is increased. Based on the studies, it is observed that 97% of the mobile subscribers read an SMS message within 15 minutes of receiving it, and 84% response within 1 hour. Along with this, mobile is not just for the young people, but adults are also using the mobile technology for purchasing and shopping. Further, it is observed that almost 40% of the consumers are interested in receiving the mobile coupons for the various services (Fernando, Loke Rahayu, 2013). Commerce Mobile ticketing By the mobile computing, tickets can be booked and cancelled easily with the variety of technologies. Users are now able to use their tickets immediately by showing their phone at the venue. Mobile coupons, vouchers and loyalty cards- The mobile technology is useful in the allocation of the coupons, vouchers and the loyalty cards. These items can be characterized by the virtual token that is sent to the mobile phone of the customers. Customers present their mobile phone having one of these tokens while purchasing the products. By the mobile token, customers are able to take same benefits as they got in the traditional token (Tan, 2011). Content purchase and delivery The mobile content purchasing includes sale of ring-tones, games, wallpapers of mobile phones. The content purchase and delivery focuses into the purchase and delivery of the full-length music tracks, books, videos and more. Location based services By knowing the location of the mobile phone users, companies are able to provide location based services to them. The location based services include local discount offers, local weather, news or sports, traffic reporting and tracking and monitoring of people. Information services There is various information services which can delivered to the customers and mobile phone users in the same way as those are delivered on their computers. The information services include stock quotes, financial records, and national and international news and sports (Metz, 2013). Mobile banking In present time, banking and other financial institutions use mobile commerce so that they can provide facilities to the customers to access the account information and make transactions. Facilities in the mobile banking include transfer funds between accounts, process bill payments check bank balances and verify deposits and other many transactions (Brill, 2013). Benefits In the modern era, mobile technology is helpful in improving the services of the organizations that they provide to the customers. for instance, while meeting with the customers, company can access the customer relationship management system by the internet. This is helpful for the company to keep the details of the customers updated. Alternatively, company can be able to allow the customers to pay for the services and products without cash, check or swipe the credit or debit card. Further, by the mobile computing, companies are able to access the resources with the help of database or accounting system. For example, firm can set up new customers account, place an order online and check the prices and stock availability (Wakeman, 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is observed that the adaptation of smart mobile device such as tablets, smart phones etc has drastically changed the living standards and various daily activities of individuals. It is also observed that that mobile computing is mostly used for the various business activities as it is helpful for the individuals by information system while they are not in their workplace. The above discussion shows that the mobile devices are helpful to stay connected with each other in all over the world at anytime. People get new opportunities to communicate with each other and to explore the outer world. So, the mobile computing has significant role in the modification business activities. References Aldridge, D., (2011). Business value from mobile computing. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Business-value-from-mobile-computing-30166464.html Brill, E. (2013). Mobile Computing: It's a Game Changer for Companies. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://www.theatlantic.com/sponsored/ibm-mobile/mobile-computing-its-game-changer-companies/32/ Bryman, A., (2015). Social research methods. UK: Oxford university press Chen, Y. Kamara, J.M., (2011). A framework for using mobile computing for information management on construction sites: Automation in Construction. 20(7). pp.776-788 Fernando, N., Loke, S.W. and Rahayu, W., (2013). Mobile cloud computing: A survey: Future Generation Computer Systems. 29(1). pp.84-106 Frh, R., Kesch, D., Plss, S. (2005). Mobile Computing Business Opportunities and Business Models from the Perspective of an IT Service Provider. pp.117-15 Ghanchi, J. (2016). Mobile Computing: Biggest Challenges and Opportunities Lying Ahead. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://www.logisticsit.com/blog/2016/02/05/mobile-computing-biggest-challenges-and-opportunities-lying/ Hawkins, J.C., Cinque, P.S., Shirai, G.T., Haitani, R.Y. and Gayed, N., Palm, Inc., (2010). Mobile computing device interface. U.S. Patent 7. 738. 912 Kumar, K., and Yung-Hsiang, L., (2010). Cloud Computing for Mobile Users: Can Offloading computation saves Energy. IEEE Computer Society. Laurila, J.K., Gatica-Perez, D., Aad, I., Bornet, O., Do, T.M.T., Dousse, O., Eberle, J. and Miettinen, M., (2012). The mobile data challenge: Big data for mobile computing research. In Pervasive Computing Metz, R., (2013). Five Opportunities for Mobile Computing. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/511816/five-opportunities-for-mobile-computing/ Tan, T. (2011). Five Reasons Why Mobile Computing is Accelerating in Organizations. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://www.industryweek.com/companies-amp-executives/five-reasons-why-mobile-computing-accelerating-organizations Wakeman, N. (2012). What are the biggest mobile computing opportunities. Retrieved on 12th August 2017 from https://washingtontechnology.com/Articles/2012/04/02/Mobile-opportunities-intro.asp

Once More To The Lake By E.B. White Essays - Once More To The Lake

Once More To The Lake By E.B. White Once More to the Lake by E.B. White Once More to the Lake, by E.B. White was an essay in which a father struggles to find himself. The essay is about a little boy and his father. They go to a lake where the father had been in his childhood years. The father looks back at those years and tries to relive the moments through his son's eyes. He knows he can't, and has difficulty dealing with the fact that he can't go back in time. E.B. White's way of letting the reader know that the father is in a way depressed, is through great detail and description. The story mentions how the lake has changes since the father had seen it last. How the once gravel roads have been paved over, and the sail boats are now replace with boats with outboard motors. As the reader, one can sense a feeling of how the father isn't able to adapt to these changes. The little boy in the story, the son, also doesn't seem to appreciate the lake as much as the father did when he was growing up. Like how when he was a boy, he would wake up early to fish. Now the father wishes his son would do the same. It seemed the little boy just too the trip for granted. He didn't appear to be as appreciative as the father once was. The father describes the view as pretty much being the same. How things felt the same, like the moss on his feet and such. He didn't feel that the lake had changed any, but everything around it did. This is when the idea of a duel personality comes into picture. The father can almost see himself as a child, doing the things he wished his son would do. When he was young he would get up especially early to fix his fishing pole and even help set the dinner table. Then he realizes that his son doesn't do any of these things, making the father feel as if the trip just isn't the same. As the story progresses, the father begins to point out the differences of his once peaceful get-a way. How when arriving was something to look forward to, seeing all of the other family's greet you, the madness of the train station, and the smells of the wilderness. All of those things were gone, replace by motor boats that would wake you up in the middle of a summer slumber. Lastly the father brings up the thunderstorm. To me this represents the birth of a new him. I say this because once the rain clears up and the dark skies disappear, he begins to look at his son, and the entire trip in a different light. He forgets the years of old, and realizes that he is not his son, he stops trying to live his life through his son's eyes. When at the end he feel the cold chill of death at his groin, I feel this is him letting the trip be just a trip, not pushing his son to do exactly what he once did. He lets the boy do what he wants, not do what the father had done all those years down by the lake. Book Reports

Fisher Body Essays

Fisher Body Essays Fisher Body Essay Fisher Body Essay The initial relationship between Fisher Body, a producer of auto bodies, and General Motors was a long-term contract of ten years. Such contract agreed that GM would only purchase its metal bodies from Fisher body with a price formula set to equal Fisher Bodys variable cost plus 17. 6 percent. (Klein 1998: 241) One would then ask why this was necessary since it restricted GM from being able to switch to other partners and use the market as its efficient government structure? The answer lies on specific investments. In order to produce metal bodies for GM, Fisher Body had to invest in very specific pieces of equipment that meant they could not have been able to use the same stamping machine to supply other automobile manufacturer. Once Fisher Body had made its specific investments, General Motors could have threatened Fisher Body in switching suppliers of its bodies unless they reduced its prices. (Klein 1998: 241) Fearing this hold-up problem was the attempt to draw up a contract before any such investments were to be made so to reduce both parties from behaving opportunistically. However according to Masten (1996: 388), as transactions become more complex and the environment more uncertain, the limitations of contracting as a safeguard against opportunism grow. An unforeseen substantial increase in demand for closed metal automobiles in 1920 allowed Fisher Body to hold up General Motors by taking advantage of the contractual incompleteness (Klein 1998: 241). : By adopting a highly labour-intensive production-process and locating their plant far away from General Motors production facilities, Fisher Body was able to inflate its variable costs and placed a 17. 6 percent surcharge on their transportation costs. (Klein 1998: 42) But by exploiting loopholes in the contract, the hold-up by Fisher Body had proved to be very costly for General Motors. This would not have been the case if the changes in market conditions were anticipated since GM would obviously have include such contingency in its contract. In 1926, General Motors decided to integrate its transactions by acquiring Fisher Body. According to Williamson this was logical because where the three critical dimensions of transactions (Masten 1996: 390) namely: frequency, degree of uncertainty, and asset specificity was present, the most efficient government structure emerged, this being vertical integration. Where GM integrated backwards in their supply chain in order to internalise transactions within one organisational structure, markets and hierarchies represent alternative government structures. If General Motors assets were non-specific, then they could have purchased its assets through a normal market relationship based on relevant prices. But as we can see with such market structure, it poses the possibility for agents to act opportunistically. With GM and Fisher Body, we see the emergence of a vertically integrated firm as an efficient response to the transaction cost associated with market-type coordination. Therefore, by adopting Transaction Cost Economics as a way of analysing organisations we can predict that vertical integration hierarchies will take place within an industry, like that of Fisher Body and General Motors, through the present of these three distinct dimensions1: i) the frequency of a transaction, ii) the uncertainty surrounding the transaction and iii) the level of asset specificity associated with the transaction. However, the predictive validity of Transaction Cost Economics in an attempt to explain the Fisher-GM case study has been closely scrutinized when comparing the hold-up with Williamsons behavioural assumption of opportunism. In Kleins account of the hold-up problem between Fisher Body and GM, he proposes that explanations of hold-up behaviour based upon transactors deception are often clearly inconsistent, in which there was no real evidence of any precontract deception on either contractors part. (1998: 224) Both parties were aware of the possibilities of a hold-up due to the incomplete contracts they entered into yet they believed it would have been more costly to write a more complete contract covering every possible angle. (Klein 1998: 224) If both parties were to cover every contract criteria and contingency then not only would that be timely to write down, but also costly in having the need to inform, confer and verify with each other continuously. And if we add the concept of bounded rationality, a complete contract is likely to be unrealistic because contractors simply cannot determine all of the many events that might occur during the life of a contractual relationship and write a prespecified response to each. (Klein 1998: 242) As a result we can see that the contract between the two parties was, to some extent, infused by trust so that the costs of negotiating, writing and monitoring the contract could be economised. Hence, trust economises on transaction costs. (Todd 1996: 88) Transaction Cost Economics behavioural assumptions offered by Williamson neglected this important aspect of trust. The statement made by Williamson that agents are self-interest seeking with guile (Williamson, p554) therefore does not necessarily justify why GM had accepted such an imperfect and incomplete contract with Fisher Body. Where Fisher Body and GM had entered into a long-term contract, the role of trust rather than opportunism, can in fact alter the choice of government structure. (Todd 1996: 88) In his revisited paper in 2006, Coase makes a similar argument when he points out that the contractual arrangements and working relationship prior to the 1926 merger exhibit trust rather than opportunism.

Research Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Memo - Assignment Example Last but not least Lewis incurs other expenses in terms of purchases made for wigs, fake mustaches, fake beards and special clothing meant to make him appear heavier. According to IRC  §162 (a) deductions are permissible for all the conventional and indispensable outlays or sustained for the period of a tax year. All ventures or trade are, for this reason, taxable. IRC  §165(d) on the other hand applies to gambling losses by just stating that losses from wagering transaction are deductible to the extent of wagering gains. This provision serves to limit the usage of  §162 (a) to the charges made to cover gambling losses. In Offutt v. Commissioner, 16TC1214, the tax court decided that taxpayers’ losses cannot be covered with income from other sources or the gambler’s salary. This means that under limitation of  §165 and Offutt, Kevin’s gambling losses are only deductible to the extent of his gambling gains of $ 1000,000. In Mayo v. Commissioner, 136TC No 4, the tax court judged that a gambler’s business expenses incurred in the course of his trade are deductible under IRC  §162(a) even though these losses may not offset other income. The court reasoning in this case founded on the fact that the court in Mayo held that non-wagering expenses were not within the loss limitation defined by sec 165and reversed Offutt on this matter. To further strengthen the judgment, the court in Mayo quoted Boyd v. Commissioner, 56 AFTR 2d 85-5266, which indicated that restrictions of  §165(d) do not take into account more than direct expenses from wagering. The Boyd case also gave a clear difference in losses arising from wagering and expenses associated with the gambling activities. It, for this reason, makes it easy and clear that the limitation of the  §165(d) does not affect peripheral expenses. This provision, for this reason, implies that losses resulting from direct wagering are subject to the

SOCIAL WORK METHODS THEORIES FOR PRACTICE CASE STUDY. Use of Essay

SOCIAL WORK METHODS THEORIES FOR PRACTICE CASE STUDY. Use of . theoretical framework to critically analyse case study - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that numerous psychological dilemmas as well as attributes are attached with the development of a proper societal structure. The psychological as well as the biological understanding are observed to be striking positive impact on the socio-structural settings in the form of varied ways. These ways may entail greater development in the abilities of the community members towards any doubtful circumstance and making effective decisions from a long-term perspective. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used to treat or mitigate a number of issues including psychological problems. One ought to note that this form of therapy is the most commonly used because it helps one to identify and cope with challenges as fast as possible. On most occasions, cognitive behavioral therapy needs fewer sessions as compared to other forms of therapies. Additionally, the structured manner in which this form of therapy is done makes it the most suitable in addressing certain challenges. A momentous process in cognitive behavioral therapy is called thought challenging. Some social workers also refer to it as cognitive restructuring. It is the process through which patients or victims challenge their negative thinking patterns that bring about their anxiety while substituting them with realistic and positive thoughts. Cognitive restructuring involves three key processes. These include the recognition of negative thoughts, the challenging of the negative thoughts and the replacement of the negative thoughts with more realistic and positive thoughts. One must not that all the three processes must the involved during cognitive reconstruction or thought challenging in order to successfully mitigate emotional trauma. The society entails different people all of whom undergo different life problems. Additionally, life structures place different people in varied mental, psychological and spiritual positions. Such complications